I. Introduction
Maritime transportation is one of the key factors promoting the development of global trade, and containers are a major type of deep-sea cargo. In 2022, global containerized trade volumes reached 163 million 20-foot equivalent units (TEUs). According to forecasts by UNCTAD, containerized seaborne trade is expected to grow by 1.2% in 2023 and increase by approximately 3% annually from 2024 to 2028 as macroeconomic challenges ease [1], [2].