Enhanced Phase Noise Reduction in Localized Two-Way Optical Frequency Comparison

High-stability optical frequency comparison over fiber link enables the establishment of ultrastable optical clock networks, having the potential to promote a series of applications, including metrology, geodesy, and astronomy. In this article, we theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate a time-delayed local two-way (TD-LTW) optical frequency comparison scheme with improved comparison stability, showing that the fractional instability of optical frequency comparison over a 50-km transfer link can be reduced from $1.30\times 10^{-15}$ to $5.25\times 10^{-16}$ at the 1 s integration time with an improvement factor of 2.48. Additionally, we also for the first time model and experimentally verify the effect of the inhomogeneous phase noise along the fiber link on the system performance. We believe that the theory and technique proposed here will be helpful in developing the high-stability optical clock networks over large-area fiber links.