Abstract:
A semisolid human-body phantom for simulating the steady-state temperature elevation at the skin surface due to exposure to millimeter waves (MMWs) and quasi-MMWs was dev...Show MoreMetadata
Abstract:
A semisolid human-body phantom for simulating the steady-state temperature elevation at the skin surface due to exposure to millimeter waves (MMWs) and quasi-MMWs was developed in this article. The phantom was designed by optimizing the electric constants of a mixed material consisting mainly of water and glycerin. First, the empirical equation of the complex permittivity of the phantom with respect to the composition and frequency was derived from dielectric measurements of phantoms. Then, the phantom composition used to obtain the temperature elevation equivalent to skin exposure were optimized using a computational approach. Here, the phantom composition was optimized at frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 GHz. In addition, we found that a single composition can be used for frequencies from 20 to 100 GHz. This phantom can simulate the temperature elevation due to skin exposure within the variation of the temperature elevation due to the individual differences in human tissue thickness. The developed phantom was validated by thermographic measurement using a horn antenna and an array antenna at 28 and 60 GHz, respectively. The developed phantoms are applicable to the thermal assessment of skin exposure to electromagnetic fields at MMW and quasi-MMW frequencies.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility ( Volume: 63, Issue: 5, October 2021)
Funding Agency:
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Kensuke Sasaki (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2006, 2008, and 2011, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include electromagnetic theory, bioelectromagnetics, and dielectric properties measurement.
Dr. S...Show More
Kensuke Sasaki (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2006, 2008, and 2011, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include electromagnetic theory, bioelectromagnetics, and dielectric properties measurement.
Dr. S...View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Kengo Kawabata received the B.E. and M.E. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
His research interests include human safety by exposure to millimeter wave.
Kengo Kawabata received the B.E. and M.E. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
His research interests include human safety by exposure to millimeter wave.View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Yuto Shimizu (Member, IEEE) received B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering degrees from the Nagoya Institute of technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His main research interest includes biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Shimizu is member of the Instit...Show More
Yuto Shimizu (Member, IEEE) received B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering degrees from the Nagoya Institute of technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His main research interest includes biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Shimizu is member of the Instit...View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Soichi Watanabe (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Dr. Watanabe was a member of the Standing Committee III on Physics and Engineering of the International Commission on NonIonizin...Show More
Soichi Watanabe (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Dr. Watanabe was a member of the Standing Committee III on Physics and Engineering of the International Commission on NonIonizin...View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Kanako Wake (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E., degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, 1997, and 2000, respectively.
She is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo Japan. She works for research on biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Wake is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and ...Show More
Kanako Wake (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E., degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, 1997, and 2000, respectively.
She is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo Japan. She works for research on biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Wake is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and ...View more
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Ryosuke Suga (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering and electronics from Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2002, 2004, and 2008, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the Tokyo Institute of Technology from 2008 to 2010. He was a Research Assistant with Aoyama Gakuin University in 2011 and is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interests i...Show More
Ryosuke Suga (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering and electronics from Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2002, 2004, and 2008, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the Tokyo Institute of Technology from 2008 to 2010. He was a Research Assistant with Aoyama Gakuin University in 2011 and is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interests i...View more
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Osamu Hashimoto (Member, IEEE) was born in Akita, Japan, in 1953. He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in applied electronics engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan, in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and the D.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1986.
He was with Toshiba Corporation in 1978, and with the Defense Technical Development L...Show More
Osamu Hashimoto (Member, IEEE) was born in Akita, Japan, in 1953. He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in applied electronics engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan, in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and the D.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1986.
He was with Toshiba Corporation in 1978, and with the Defense Technical Development L...View more
Contents National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Kensuke Sasaki (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2006, 2008, and 2011, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include electromagnetic theory, bioelectromagnetics, and dielectric properties measurement.
Dr. Sasaki was a member of Scientific Expert Group of International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection from 2018 to 2020. He has been the Early Carrier Representative of Commission K, the International Scientific Radio Union since 2017. He was the recipient of the 2009 Young Scientist Award of the URSI, the 2012 Best Paper Award of the IEEJ, and the 2020 Achievement Award of the IEICE.
Kensuke Sasaki (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 2006, 2008, and 2011, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His research interests include electromagnetic theory, bioelectromagnetics, and dielectric properties measurement.
Dr. Sasaki was a member of Scientific Expert Group of International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection from 2018 to 2020. He has been the Early Carrier Representative of Commission K, the International Scientific Radio Union since 2017. He was the recipient of the 2009 Young Scientist Award of the URSI, the 2012 Best Paper Award of the IEEJ, and the 2020 Achievement Award of the IEICE.View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Kengo Kawabata received the B.E. and M.E. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
His research interests include human safety by exposure to millimeter wave.
Kengo Kawabata received the B.E. and M.E. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
His research interests include human safety by exposure to millimeter wave.View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Yuto Shimizu (Member, IEEE) received B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering degrees from the Nagoya Institute of technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His main research interest includes biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Shimizu is member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
Yuto Shimizu (Member, IEEE) received B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronic engineering degrees from the Nagoya Institute of technology, Nagoya, Japan, in 2013, 2015, and 2017, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan. His main research interest includes biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Shimizu is member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Soichi Watanabe (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Dr. Watanabe was a member of the Standing Committee III on Physics and Engineering of the International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) from 2004 to 2012, and has been a member of the Main Commission of ICNIRP since 2012. He is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan, and the Bioelectromagnetics Society. He received the 1996 Young Scientist Award of the International Scientific Radio Union, the 1997 Best Paper Award of the IEICE, the 2004 Best Paper Award (The Roberts Prize) of Physics in Medicine and Biology, the Risaburo Sato Award of EMC Sapporo and APEMC 2019, and the 2020 Achievement Award of the IEICE.
Soichi Watanabe (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1991, 1993, and 1996, respectively.
He is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
Dr. Watanabe was a member of the Standing Committee III on Physics and Engineering of the International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) from 2004 to 2012, and has been a member of the Main Commission of ICNIRP since 2012. He is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan, and the Bioelectromagnetics Society. He received the 1996 Young Scientist Award of the International Scientific Radio Union, the 1997 Best Paper Award of the IEICE, the 2004 Best Paper Award (The Roberts Prize) of Physics in Medicine and Biology, the Risaburo Sato Award of EMC Sapporo and APEMC 2019, and the 2020 Achievement Award of the IEICE.View more
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
Kanako Wake (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E., degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, 1997, and 2000, respectively.
She is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo Japan. She works for research on biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Wake is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Japan, the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and the Bioelectromagnetics Society. She was the recipient of the 1999 International Scientific Radio Union Young Scientist Award.
Kanako Wake (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E., degrees in electrical engineering from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, 1997, and 2000, respectively.
She is currently with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo Japan. She works for research on biomedical electromagnetic compatibility.
Dr. Wake is a member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Japan, the Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and the Bioelectromagnetics Society. She was the recipient of the 1999 International Scientific Radio Union Young Scientist Award.View more
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Ryosuke Suga (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering and electronics from Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2002, 2004, and 2008, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the Tokyo Institute of Technology from 2008 to 2010. He was a Research Assistant with Aoyama Gakuin University in 2011 and is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interests include microwave and millimeter-wave passive circuits, antennas, and EMC.
Dr. Suga is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE) and the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. He received the IEEE MTT-S Japan Young Engineer Award and IEICE Transactions Communications Best Paper Award in 2013.
Ryosuke Suga (Member, IEEE) received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees in electrical engineering and electronics from Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan, in 2002, 2004, and 2008, respectively.
He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the Tokyo Institute of Technology from 2008 to 2010. He was a Research Assistant with Aoyama Gakuin University in 2011 and is currently an Assistant Professor. His research interests include microwave and millimeter-wave passive circuits, antennas, and EMC.
Dr. Suga is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE) and the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. He received the IEEE MTT-S Japan Young Engineer Award and IEICE Transactions Communications Best Paper Award in 2013.View more
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
Osamu Hashimoto (Member, IEEE) was born in Akita, Japan, in 1953. He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in applied electronics engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan, in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and the D.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1986.
He was with Toshiba Corporation in 1978, and with the Defense Technical Development Laboratory in 1981. In 1991, he moved to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan, as an Associate Professor, where is currently a Professor. From 1994 to 1995, he was with the University of Illinois as a Guest Researcher. He has authored/coauthored 35 books in Japanese including "Introduction of Microwave Transmission Theory and Circuit Devices," "Latest Developments in Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers and Shielding materials -Design and Performance Enhancement for 5G-," and "Basic of Numerical Calculation Using Python." He has had more than 660 papers published in reviewed journals and international conferences. His research interests include on electromagnetic computation, microwave and millimeter-wave absorbers, planar filters, and measurement and analysis of radar cross sections.
Prof. Hashimoto received the Outstanding Achievement Award from IEEJ, in 2016, and the Achievement Award from IEICE, in 2019. He was a president of Electronics Society of IEICE of Japan from 2015 to 2016. He is a member of the IEICE, IEEJ, JIEP, and AIJ.
Osamu Hashimoto (Member, IEEE) was born in Akita, Japan, in 1953. He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in applied electronics engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan, in 1976 and 1978, respectively, and the D.E. degree in electrical engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1986.
He was with Toshiba Corporation in 1978, and with the Defense Technical Development Laboratory in 1981. In 1991, he moved to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan, as an Associate Professor, where is currently a Professor. From 1994 to 1995, he was with the University of Illinois as a Guest Researcher. He has authored/coauthored 35 books in Japanese including "Introduction of Microwave Transmission Theory and Circuit Devices," "Latest Developments in Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers and Shielding materials -Design and Performance Enhancement for 5G-," and "Basic of Numerical Calculation Using Python." He has had more than 660 papers published in reviewed journals and international conferences. His research interests include on electromagnetic computation, microwave and millimeter-wave absorbers, planar filters, and measurement and analysis of radar cross sections.
Prof. Hashimoto received the Outstanding Achievement Award from IEEJ, in 2016, and the Achievement Award from IEICE, in 2019. He was a president of Electronics Society of IEICE of Japan from 2015 to 2016. He is a member of the IEICE, IEEJ, JIEP, and AIJ.View more
