Stacking Revenue from Energy Storage Providing Resilience, T&D Deferral and Arbitrage

In this work, we maximize the revenue of utility's energy storage system (ESS) providing resilience improvement, Transmission and Distribution (T&D) upgrade deferral and energy arbitrage. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem is formulated to find the ESS charging/discharging schedule that minimizes the utility's peak load with least energy cost during normal operation and minimize the utility's load curtailment during outages. The linear constraints of this problem are based on an ESS linear energy-flow model and an investment tax credit requirement. Case studies are conducted for an electric cooperative in California. Based on the analysis results, we propose general recommendations for the utility to size the ESS for these applications.