Marine robotics exploration of a large-scale open-ocean front

Ocean fronts are dynamic three-dimensional (3D) structures that can be effectively and efficiently sampled with robots, particularly with autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Search, mapping and tracking of large-scale open ocean fronts require a mix of different types of robots, each with certain advantages and constraints. The limited endurance of individual robots can be overcome by using multiple robots swapped at sea. This strategy was successfully implemented in the May-June 2018 cruise FK180528 of R/V Falkor, when the large-scale open-ocean Subtropical Front in the Northeast Pacific was located, mapped, and followed with a fleet of diverse marine robots, including long-range autonomous surface robots (Wave Glider, Saildrone) and multiple mid- and short-range AUVs engaged in joint ship-robotic high-resolution 3D oceanographic surveys.