Real-Time Scheduling of Distributed Resources

We develop and analyze real-time scheduling algorithms for coordinated aggregation of deferrable loads and storage. These distributed resources offer flexibility that can enable the integration of renewable generation by reducing reserve costs. We present three scheduling policies: earliest deadline first (EDF), least laxity first (LLF), and receding horizon control (RHC). We offer a novel cost metric for RHC-based scheduling that explicitly accounts for reserve costs. We study the performance of these algorithms in the metrics of reserve energy and capacity through simulation studies. We conclude that the benefits of coordinated aggregation can be realized from modest levels of both deferrable load participation and flexibility.

I. Introduction

Motivated by a combination of environmental, energy security, and economic concerns, many countries have committed to substantially increasing the use of clean, renewable energy resources. This presents serious challenges to existing grid operations. Renewable sources of energy are intermittent, non-dispatchable, and uncertain. To achieve deep penetrations of renewable energy, grid operations must economically address the variability associated with renewable generation.