Collective communication in wormhole-routed massively parallel computers

Most MPC networks use wormhole routing to reduce the effect of path length on communication time. Researchers have exploited this by designing ingenious algorithms to speed collective communication. Many projects have addressed the design of efficient collective communication algorithms for wormhole-routed systems. By exploiting the relative distance-insensitivity of wormhole routing, these new algorithms often differ fundamentally from their store-and-forward counterparts. We examine software and hardware approaches to implementing collective communication operations. Although we emphasize methods in which the underlying architecture is a direct network, such as a hypercube or mesh, as opposed to an indirect switch-based network, several approaches apply to systems of either type. We illustrate several issues arising in this research area and describe the major classes of algorithms proposed to solve these problems.