Joint Optimization Air Base Stations Deployment and User Association in Heterogeneous Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks

With the development of 6 G and beyond, space-air-ground integrated networks (SAGINs) have evolved into key elements to promote high-speed and seamless connections for users. This paper studies a heterogeneous SAGIN with satellite, multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) serve as aerial base stations (ABSs) in a scenario where ground base stations (GBSs) are overloaded. To optimize the number of ABSs within the system's power limit and maximize the system's downlink throughput, we optimize the 3D deployment of ABSs and user association in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band. We formulate an optimization problem to satisfy the access quality of service (QoS) requirements. This problem is a mixed- integer nonlinear programming problem. Therefore, we divide it into two subproblems: the heterogeneous network ABS deployment problem and the user association problem. We propose a Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) formula based sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm for the ABS deployment problem and a coalition game algorithm for the user association problem. Finally, we employ a block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm to iteratively solve the two subproblems until convergence. Extensive simulations with various parameters and user deployments demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms other selected schemes.