Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence Through ChatGPT in Teaching: A Comprehensive Review of Perspectives and Future Directions

This article provides a comprehensive literature review on the utilization of artificial intelligence, particularly ChatGPT, in educational settings, focusing on both high school and higher education. A systematic search strategy was employed, identifying 200 Indonesian articles on ChatGPT's use in higher education and 200 in junior high schools over the past five years. The thematic analysis identified key trends, benefits, challenges, and future potential of ChatGPT in teaching, as well as the ethical concerns related to its use. The findings reveal that ChatGPT has significantly impacted educational practices, particularly in enhancing student engagement, motivation, and cognitive skills. However, the use of this AI tool raises concerns about academic integrity, over-reliance on technology, and ethical challenges. Word frequency and co-occurrence network analyses showed a strong emphasis on pedagogical roles in high school, focusing on teacher-student interactions and skill development. In contrast, higher education research highlights broader institutional and technological adoption, emphasizing academic tasks and ethical implications. The sharp rise in research from 2023 onwards reflects the growing relevance and capabilities of AI in education. While both high schools and universities adopt ChatGPT, they prioritize different areas: classroom engagement in high schools and institutional digital transformation in higher education. The article also outlines key gaps in the literature, suggesting future research directions to explore long-term impacts and the ethical integration of AI in education.

I. Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal force in reshaping our world, with its potential to significantly enhance human life. From education and healthcare to public policy and governance, AI's transformative power is undeniable. One such AI innovation, ChatGPT, exemplifies this potential by revolutionizing the way we access and process information [1]. Initially launched in 2018 and now in its fourth generation, ChatGPT has shown extraordinary capabilities, evolving to become more than ten times more powerful than its original form. In the educational sphere, ChatGPT offers immense benefits, such as answering exam questions and generating well-crafted essays with just a few keywords [2] [3]. These capabilities promise to bring unprecedented convenience and support to students and educators alike, as it can streamline learning and provide accurate information swiftly. However, like any powerful tool, ChatGPT is a double-edged sword. While it enhances learning experiences, it also raises significant ethical concerns and potential downsides. There are fears of over-reliance on AI, risks of academic dishonesty, and broader implications for critical thinking and human creativity [4]. These concerns highlight the need for careful consideration of how AI is integrated into educational settings. Discussions, such as those highlighted in the “Ethics of Using ChatGPT in the Academic Environment” webinar, are crucial for developing guidelines and ethical frameworks to ensure responsible use. As AI continues to evolve, embracing its benefits while being vigilant about its challenges will be essential. The concept of “Reimagine Education” urges us to rethink traditional learning