3. IoT network architecture and design

Among the various common buzzwords in this mobile application development, Internet of things (IoT) is the one that attracts various researchers. It could be defined as a system that comprises physical devices, appliances, and vehicles connected so that the information could be collected and gets exchange over the wired or wireless network. This mode of exchange does not require any human involvement. Data transfer and amalgamation of data between the computer and physical devices make human life simple improving productivity and efficiency. From Gartner’s perceptions, around 25 billion devices would be connected by 2020, and these devices facilitate the process of analyzing, prior planning, managing, and making autonomous decisions. IoT is the technology used to construct the system that senses autonomously and sends a response to the corresponding devices based on the need. Hence, a process flow is developed for a specific framework to resolve the issues in IoT. The objective of this chapter is to give a detailed description of the architecture of IoT systems. Various industries contribute to the establishment of IoT through several approaches in a diversified manner. Therefore, a significant focus is required for the architect to be aware of the design elements and hence this chapter exploits the strengths carried out by various industry giants that could contribute much toward the downsizing of the processer. This chapter discusses the challenges that occur during the selection of the appropriate technology stack, tools that shoot from the fact that IoT protocols standardization does not exist virtually. The main reason for this issue is the inhibited milieu of various attributes possessed by IoT such as low power, bandwidth requirement, memory availability, and high packet loss. This chapter covers several standards and protocols to solve the issue. The focus of this chapter explores the evolution from the edge to cloud to fog and back to edge computing and to capture the contemporary thoughts in fog, edge computing, architecture, applications, and technologies.