Flow of Processes in the Proposed Technique
Abstract:
Knowledge-based authentication techniques remain one of the proven ways of maintaining confidentiality, ensuring integrity, and guaranteeing the availability of an inform...Show MoreMetadata
Abstract:
Knowledge-based authentication techniques remain one of the proven ways of maintaining confidentiality, ensuring integrity, and guaranteeing the availability of an information system. They employ what a user knows (Passwords or PINs) to authorize or grant access to an information system. While passwords employ a fixed combination of characters, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) are majorly numbers. Existing implementations of these authentication techniques involve the repetitive use of static passwords and PINs at every login instance. These have been exposed to various attacks, such as keyloggers, shoulder surfing, brute force, and dictionary attacks. To overcome these attacks, this study presents an authentication technique where users’ PINs are incremented during successive login attempts. Users are expected to choose a preferred incremental factor, which can be any number they can remember, that will be added to the default 6-digit PIN to produce a dynamic PIN that can be used in subsequent login sessions. Furthermore, an additional layer of security that involves the use of a dynamic 4 by 4 graphical grid was integrated into the proposed incremented PIN technique. At every login session, users are presented with a set of 16 possible PINs to choose from. The security analysis of the proposed authentication technique revealed that the proposed technique could resist existing password attacks, thereby enhancing security. A performance testing and usability analysis was also carried out among 1145 individuals who interacted with the web application that uses the incremental authentication technique. The questionnaire items were structured based on the constructs of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model. Statistical analysis of the responses received showed an appreciable level of acceptance in terms of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. The positive user acceptance results p...
Flow of Processes in the Proposed Technique
Published in: IEEE Access ( Volume: 12)
Funding Agency:

School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Jiaming Gong was born in Datong, Shanxi. He received the degree in information management and information systems from the School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, in 2024. His research interests includes information system security.
Jiaming Gong was born in Datong, Shanxi. He received the degree in information management and information systems from the School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, in 2024. His research interests includes information system security.View more

Department of Computer Science, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
Oluwatobi Noah Akande (Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in computer science from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and the D.Phil. degree in computer science from the Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in 2021. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Department...Show More
Oluwatobi Noah Akande (Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in computer science from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and the D.Phil. degree in computer science from the Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in 2021. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Department...View more

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
Chia-Chen Lin (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in information management from National Chiao Tung University, in 1998. Since 2018, she has been a School Counselor with Providence University. She is currently a Professor of computer science and information engineering with the National Chin-Yi University of Technology. Her research interests include image and signal processing, information hiding, mobile agents, an...Show More
Chia-Chen Lin (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in information management from National Chiao Tung University, in 1998. Since 2018, she has been a School Counselor with Providence University. She is currently a Professor of computer science and information engineering with the National Chin-Yi University of Technology. Her research interests include image and signal processing, information hiding, mobile agents, an...View more

Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
Saurabh Agarwal received the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering from the University of Delhi, India, in 2017. From 2019 to 2023, he was a Korean Research Fellow in South Korea. Since 2024, he has been a Research Professor at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. His research interests include image forensics, computer vision, and machine learning.
Saurabh Agarwal received the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering from the University of Delhi, India, in 2017. From 2019 to 2023, he was a Korean Research Fellow in South Korea. Since 2024, he has been a Research Professor at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. His research interests include image forensics, computer vision, and machine learning.View more

School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Jiaming Gong was born in Datong, Shanxi. He received the degree in information management and information systems from the School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, in 2024. His research interests includes information system security.
Jiaming Gong was born in Datong, Shanxi. He received the degree in information management and information systems from the School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, in 2024. His research interests includes information system security.View more

Department of Computer Science, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
Oluwatobi Noah Akande (Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in computer science from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and the D.Phil. degree in computer science from the Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in 2021. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science, Baze University, Abuja. He has a passion for problem-oriented research, which employs the knowledge of computing he has acquired over the years to solve his immediate societal problems. His research interests include biometrics, data and information security, medical image analysis, and machine learning. The output of his research has been published in more than 60 journals and international conferences. He is an active member of professional bodies, such as IAENG Computer Science, Nigeria Computer Society (NCS), Academics in IT Professions (AITP), and Computer Professionals Registration Council of Nigeria (CPN).
Oluwatobi Noah Akande (Member, IEEE) received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in computer science from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and the D.Phil. degree in computer science from the Department of Computer Science, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, in 2021. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science, Baze University, Abuja. He has a passion for problem-oriented research, which employs the knowledge of computing he has acquired over the years to solve his immediate societal problems. His research interests include biometrics, data and information security, medical image analysis, and machine learning. The output of his research has been published in more than 60 journals and international conferences. He is an active member of professional bodies, such as IAENG Computer Science, Nigeria Computer Society (NCS), Academics in IT Professions (AITP), and Computer Professionals Registration Council of Nigeria (CPN).View more

Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
Chia-Chen Lin (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in information management from National Chiao Tung University, in 1998. Since 2018, she has been a School Counselor with Providence University. She is currently a Professor of computer science and information engineering with the National Chin-Yi University of Technology. Her research interests include image and signal processing, information hiding, mobile agents, and electronic commerce. Since 2018, she has been a fellow of IET. From 2009 to 2012, she served as the Vice Chair for Tainan Chapter of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. She also serves as an associate editor and an editor for several representative EI and SCIE journals.
Chia-Chen Lin (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in information management from National Chiao Tung University, in 1998. Since 2018, she has been a School Counselor with Providence University. She is currently a Professor of computer science and information engineering with the National Chin-Yi University of Technology. Her research interests include image and signal processing, information hiding, mobile agents, and electronic commerce. Since 2018, she has been a fellow of IET. From 2009 to 2012, she served as the Vice Chair for Tainan Chapter of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. She also serves as an associate editor and an editor for several representative EI and SCIE journals.View more

Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
Saurabh Agarwal received the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering from the University of Delhi, India, in 2017. From 2019 to 2023, he was a Korean Research Fellow in South Korea. Since 2024, he has been a Research Professor at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. His research interests include image forensics, computer vision, and machine learning.
Saurabh Agarwal received the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering from the University of Delhi, India, in 2017. From 2019 to 2023, he was a Korean Research Fellow in South Korea. Since 2024, he has been a Research Professor at Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea. His research interests include image forensics, computer vision, and machine learning.View more