I. Introduction
The rapid development of network technology and the sharing economy in recent years has greatly facilitated the emergence and expansion of on-demand crowdsourced delivery platforms (CDPs). Especially during the COVID-19 outbreak, on-demand CDPs experienced rapid growth, accumulated large user bases, and provided considerable convenience to consumers. The total value of the global sharing economy was US15 billion in 2014 and is predicted to increase to US335 billion by 2025.
Accessed: 14 December 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista. com/statistics/830986/value-of-the-global-sharing-economy/
CDPs such as Dada, FlashEx, and Instacart not only act as a link between supply and demand but, more importantly, coordinate supply and demand in real-time [1]. Given the advantages of crowdsourced delivery in reducing costs and improving speed and responsiveness, the CDPs make full use of available technological advantages to integrate resources continuously to match supply and demand better [2]. Consequently, the on-demand CDP has recently become a popular research topic in operations management.