Abstract:
The dynamic range (DR) of digital-input closed-loop class-D amplifiers (CDAs) is typically limited by the noise introduced by their resistive DAC (RDAC) or current-steeri...Show MoreMetadata
Abstract:
The dynamic range (DR) of digital-input closed-loop class-D amplifiers (CDAs) is typically limited by the noise introduced by their resistive DAC (RDAC) or current-steering DAC (IDAC). It could be improved by using tri-level cells in the IDAC, but this has not yet been realized in high-voltage (HV) CDAs due to the large difference in the common-mode levels between the DAC and the CDA. This article describes an HV CDA directly driven by an HV IDAC. By using the same output common mode for the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and CDA, the noise penalty associated with shifting the common mode is avoided. To address the distortion due to mismatch and intersymbol interference (ISI) in the IDAC, a transition-rate-balanced bidirectional real-time dynamic element matching (RTDEM) technique is also introduced. Fabricated in a 180-nm BCD process, the CDA prototype achieves a DR of 121.7 dB and a peak THD+N of -104.0 and -109.0 dB for 1- and 6-kHz inputs, respectively. It can deliver a maximum of 14 W into an 8- \Omega load with a power efficiency of 90%.
Published in: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits ( Volume: 59, Issue: 12, December 2024)
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Analog Devices, Ismaning, Germany
Huajun Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2015, the B.S.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 2015 and 2017, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2024.
In 2016, he j...Show More
Huajun Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2015, the B.S.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 2015 and 2017, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2024.
In 2016, he j...View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Mingshuang Zhang was born in China, in 1998. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in microelectronics track from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2023.
Mingshuang Zhang was born in China, in 1998. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in microelectronics track from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2023.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Mengying Chen received the B.Sc. degree from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 2016, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2018, and the M.Sc. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2019. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with Delft University of Technology.
From July 2019 to January 2023, she was an Analog Design Engineer at Analo...Show More
Mengying Chen received the B.Sc. degree from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 2016, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2018, and the M.Sc. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2019. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with Delft University of Technology.
From July 2019 to January 2023, she was an Analog Design Engineer at Analo...View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Arthur Admiraal was born in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in 1998. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree.
While pursuing the M.Sc. degree, he co-founded Lobster Robotics in 2021, where he designs miniaturized ocean exploration robots. His research interests include structured elect...Show More
Arthur Admiraal was born in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in 1998. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree.
While pursuing the M.Sc. degree, he co-founded Lobster Robotics in 2021, where he designs miniaturized ocean exploration robots. His research interests include structured elect...View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Miao Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in automation from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2016, and the M.Sc. degree in microelectronics from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
From May 2020 to February 2023, he was an Analog Design Engineer with Silicon Integrated, Wuhan, where he...Show More
Miao Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in automation from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2016, and the M.Sc. degree in microelectronics from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
From May 2020 to February 2023, he was an Analog Design Engineer with Silicon Integrated, Wuhan, where he...View more

Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen, TL, The Netherlands
Marco Berkhout (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
From 1996 to 2019, he was with Philips/NXP Semiconductors, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He is currently a fellow with Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen. His research interests include class-D amplifiers and integrated power electronics.
Dr....Show More
Marco Berkhout (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
From 1996 to 2019, he was with Philips/NXP Semiconductors, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He is currently a fellow with Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen. His research interests include class-D amplifiers and integrated power electronics.
Dr....View more
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Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Qinwen Fan (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. degree in electronic science and technology from Nankai University, Tianjin, China, in 2006, and the M.Sc. degree (cum laude) in microelectronics and the Ph.D. degree from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2008 and 2013, respectively.
From October 2012 to May 2015, she was with Maxim Integrated Products, Delft. From June 2015 to January 2017, she ...Show More
Qinwen Fan (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. degree in electronic science and technology from Nankai University, Tianjin, China, in 2006, and the M.Sc. degree (cum laude) in microelectronics and the Ph.D. degree from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2008 and 2013, respectively.
From October 2012 to May 2015, she was with Maxim Integrated Products, Delft. From June 2015 to January 2017, she ...View more

Analog Devices, Ismaning, Germany
Huajun Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2015, the B.S.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 2015 and 2017, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2024.
In 2016, he joined Analog Devices Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA, as an Analog/Mixed-Signal Design Intern. From May 2017 to February 2019, he was a Mixed Signal Design Engineer with Analog Devices Inc., Norwood, MA, USA. He joined the Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, in March 2019. He holds one U.S. patent. His technical research interests include precision analog circuits, class-D audio amplifiers, and ultralow-power data converters.
Dr. Zhang received the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Predoctoral Achievement Award in 2023, the Analog Devices ISSCC Student Designer Award in 2022, and the ESSCIRC Best Student Paper Award in 2021.
Huajun Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2015, the B.S.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, in 2015 and 2017, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree (cum laude) from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2024.
In 2016, he joined Analog Devices Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA, as an Analog/Mixed-Signal Design Intern. From May 2017 to February 2019, he was a Mixed Signal Design Engineer with Analog Devices Inc., Norwood, MA, USA. He joined the Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, in March 2019. He holds one U.S. patent. His technical research interests include precision analog circuits, class-D audio amplifiers, and ultralow-power data converters.
Dr. Zhang received the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Predoctoral Achievement Award in 2023, the Analog Devices ISSCC Student Designer Award in 2022, and the ESSCIRC Best Student Paper Award in 2021.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Mingshuang Zhang was born in China, in 1998. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in microelectronics track from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2023.
Mingshuang Zhang was born in China, in 1998. She received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering in microelectronics track from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2023.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Mengying Chen received the B.Sc. degree from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 2016, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2018, and the M.Sc. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2019. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with Delft University of Technology.
From July 2019 to January 2023, she was an Analog Design Engineer at Analog Devices, Inc., Shanghai, China.
Mengying Chen received the B.Sc. degree from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 2016, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2018, and the M.Sc. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2019. She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with Delft University of Technology.
From July 2019 to January 2023, she was an Analog Design Engineer at Analog Devices, Inc., Shanghai, China.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Arthur Admiraal was born in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in 1998. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree.
While pursuing the M.Sc. degree, he co-founded Lobster Robotics in 2021, where he designs miniaturized ocean exploration robots. His research interests include structured electronic design and underwater robotics, with a current focus on VDS current sensing.
Arthur Admiraal was born in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, in 1998. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the M.Sc. degree.
While pursuing the M.Sc. degree, he co-founded Lobster Robotics in 2021, where he designs miniaturized ocean exploration robots. His research interests include structured electronic design and underwater robotics, with a current focus on VDS current sensing.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Miao Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in automation from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2016, and the M.Sc. degree in microelectronics from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
From May 2020 to February 2023, he was an Analog Design Engineer with Silicon Integrated, Wuhan, where he designed audio amplifiers for mobile applications. His technical research interests include monolithic power electronics in GaN and Class-D amplifiers.
Miao Zhang (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) received the B.E. degree in automation from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, in 2016, and the M.Sc. degree in microelectronics from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2019, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
From May 2020 to February 2023, he was an Analog Design Engineer with Silicon Integrated, Wuhan, where he designed audio amplifiers for mobile applications. His technical research interests include monolithic power electronics in GaN and Class-D amplifiers.View more

Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen, TL, The Netherlands
Marco Berkhout (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
From 1996 to 2019, he was with Philips/NXP Semiconductors, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He is currently a fellow with Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen. His research interests include class-D amplifiers and integrated power electronics.
Dr. Berkhout currently serves as a member for the Technical Program Committee of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). He was a member of the Technical Program Committee of European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) from 2008 to 2018 and the ISSCC from 2013 to 2016. He received the 2002 ESSCIRC Best Paper Award and was a plenary invited speaker on audio at low and high powers at the 2008 ESSCIRC.
Marco Berkhout (Member, IEEE) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
From 1996 to 2019, he was with Philips/NXP Semiconductors, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. He is currently a fellow with Goodix Technologies, Nijmegen. His research interests include class-D amplifiers and integrated power electronics.
Dr. Berkhout currently serves as a member for the Technical Program Committee of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). He was a member of the Technical Program Committee of European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC) from 2008 to 2018 and the ISSCC from 2013 to 2016. He received the 2002 ESSCIRC Best Paper Award and was a plenary invited speaker on audio at low and high powers at the 2008 ESSCIRC.View more

Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, The Netherlands
Qinwen Fan (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. degree in electronic science and technology from Nankai University, Tianjin, China, in 2006, and the M.Sc. degree (cum laude) in microelectronics and the Ph.D. degree from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2008 and 2013, respectively.
From October 2012 to May 2015, she was with Maxim Integrated Products, Delft. From June 2015 to January 2017, she was with Mellanox, Delft. Since 2017, she has been with Delft University of Technology, where she is currently an Assistant Professor with ECTM. She has published more than 20 top scientific articles, including International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI), IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC), and APEC. She holds multiple patents with industrial partners, including ADI, ASML, and Infineon. Her current research interests include precision analog, high-performance class D audio amplifiers, smart power inverters in wide bandgap semiconductors, low-power dc-dc converters for energy harvesters, and low-power circuits for the Internet of Things (IoT) nodes.
Dr. Fan serves as a TPC Member for the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), VLSI Symposium on Technology and Circuits, and European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC). She is also a Distinguished Lecturer of the SSCS Society and a European Co-Lead of Women in Circuits.
Qinwen Fan (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Sc. degree in electronic science and technology from Nankai University, Tianjin, China, in 2006, and the M.Sc. degree (cum laude) in microelectronics and the Ph.D. degree from Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, in 2008 and 2013, respectively.
From October 2012 to May 2015, she was with Maxim Integrated Products, Delft. From June 2015 to January 2017, she was with Mellanox, Delft. Since 2017, she has been with Delft University of Technology, where she is currently an Assistant Professor with ECTM. She has published more than 20 top scientific articles, including International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI), IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC), and APEC. She holds multiple patents with industrial partners, including ADI, ASML, and Infineon. Her current research interests include precision analog, high-performance class D audio amplifiers, smart power inverters in wide bandgap semiconductors, low-power dc-dc converters for energy harvesters, and low-power circuits for the Internet of Things (IoT) nodes.
Dr. Fan serves as a TPC Member for the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), VLSI Symposium on Technology and Circuits, and European Solid-State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC). She is also a Distinguished Lecturer of the SSCS Society and a European Co-Lead of Women in Circuits.View more