I. Introduction
The Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT) is revolutionizing intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) by enabling interactions among connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which support vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications between vehicles and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications with wireless access points (APs), such as roadside units (RSUs) and base stations (BSes) [1]. Specifically, RSUs provide short-range and low-latency connectivity through dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) [2]. In contrast, BSes support wide-area coverage and high-throughput cellular transmissions through LTE and potentially 5G in the future [3]. CAVs are typically equipped with on-board units (OBUs) featuring advanced sensing, computing, and communication capabilities to maintain situational awareness of their surrounding environment and facilitate vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications [4].