Construction of Robust Lightweight S-Boxes Using Enhanced Logistic and Enhanced Sine Maps

Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) are essential elements of modern block ciphers, serving as non-linear characteristics that enhance the resistance of these ciphers against cryptanalysis. This research presents a new approach for constructing lightweight S-Boxes that possess strong cryptographic characteristics by combining an enhanced logistic map and an enhanced sine map. The proposed novel algorithm has optimized multiple parameters according to the security threshold set. This study has conducted the most comprehensive evaluation of criteria for S-Boxes to date. The analysis results of the generated $4\times 4$ and $5\times 5$ S-Boxes have achieved optimal criteria in terms of the Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) and the Bit Independence Criterion (BIC) that no previous S-Boxes have achieved. Furthermore, parameters related to side-channel attack resistance have been optimized in the design stage of S-Boxes. The constructed S-Boxes with high security can be applied to replace S-Boxes of the same size in existing algorithms or to develop lightweight block cipher algorithms. This research has made a significant contribution to the construction of S-Boxes.