I. Introduction
The advent of Industry 4.0 is having a significant impact on organisations, research centers, universities and manufacturing organisations alike. Researchers however claim that the manufacturing sector is having difficulties in fully understanding the meaning of Industry 4.0, its implementation within the sector and its impact on their operation [1]. Global competitiveness, current business challenges, a need for mass customisation and competitive business environments require a step-change in traditional manufacturing and enterprise operational models. Moreover, there is a need for speedy deliveries, automated and efficient processes, A-rated product quality and customised clients’ products [2]. Industry 4.0 encompasses a range of digital technologies with an underlying technology represented broadly by cyber-physical systems (CPS), enabling modular, customisable and adaptable solutions. CPS utilises Internet of Things (IoT) to connect infrastructure, physical objects or things, machines, processes and humans across the sector. This paves a path to fuse the physical and virtual world by exploiting technologies such as sensors, actuators, computation power, controllers and communication technologies to provide insights into valuable data in real-time for the analysis and decision-making purposes. Other technologies such as cloud platforms, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital twins also play a crucial role in Industry 4.0 implementation. These concepts give rise to Factories of the Future (FoF) that constitute smart and intelligent manufacturing and its ecosystem [2]. Frank et al. [3] supports the argument of Industry 4.0 having a complex architecture and its associated effective implementation issues due to interoperability and integration. The authors go beyond and discuss the adoption pattern of Industry 4.0 and IoT within manufacturing companies and suggest a layered implementation approach for technologies to facilitate interconnection of products and create a smart solution. Sufian et al. [4, 5] also proposes a geared approach to achieve smart manufacturing that consists of some of the base technologies discussed by [3] and their integration. The authors then go beyond to provide a complete end-to-end model for the implementation of Industrial IoT for intelligent and smart manufacturing.