Machine Learning for Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey

As communication technologies and equipment evolve, smart assets become smarter. The agricultural industry is also evolving in line with the implementation of modern communication protocols, intelligent sensors, and equipment. This evolution is enabling large-scale agricultural production processes to operate independently, thus, securing the food supply chain for an ever-growing population. Data processing for such a system with multiple heterogeneous sources requires proper management for effective agricultural operations. Recognizing the advantages of machine learning (ML) in performing large-scale data processing, researchers are investigating the implementation of ML to design an effective intelligent agricultural architecture. The aim of this article is to provide a thorough analysis of the state-of-the-art in smart agriculture, open challenges, and guidelines for the development of further enhanced smart agriculture systems. Specifically, we describe how ML is used to create intelligent agricultural systems supported by state-of-the-art technology.