I. Introduction
Air pollution poses a pressing global concern, posing significant threats to public health and economic well-being worldwide [1]–[2]. Like many other nations, Malaysia has also faced detrimental health consequences and economic losses due to air pollution issues [3]–[4]. For instance, a study identified a clear link between increased hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Kuala Lumpur and two prominent air pollutants, namely Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Ozone (03) [5].