A Distributed Day-Ahead Dispatch for Networked Micro-Grids Considering Battery Aging

Within the concept of Micro-Grids, the day ahead energy management plays an important role where the principal objective is to minimize the cost of the operation. Adequate strategies are required to find an optimal solution for the scheduling of energy flows, that can be formulated as centralized or distributed optimization problems. Energy storage systems are becoming an essential component of Micro-Grids due to their contribution to reducing the peak load and mitigating the intermittency of renewable resources. However, battery aging is a latent problem that is not usually considered in energy management systems. Consequently, this paper presents a day-ahead dispatch strategy for a set of Micro-Grids, solvable by centralized and ADMM distributed approaches, and with the inclusion of battery degradation costs. A detailed simulation was executed to verify the behavior of the proposed approaches. It is shown that both, centralized and distributed solutions, converge to the same minimum with a difference of less than 1%. A Pareto analysis with the $\epsilon$ constraint method evidences that the operative costs can increase up to a 11.7% if the aging cost of the battery is constrained below its nominal level

I. Introduction

In recent years, maintaining the dynamic power balance of power grids has become a challenge due to the uncertainty introduced by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy generators, electric vehicles, etc. These DERs create congestion and imbalance on the grid due to unmanageable production and consumption of energy, so, optimal Energy Management Systems (EMS) are required to operate the grid appropriately. These kinds of systems can reduce the overall cost of energy supply in the day-ahead economic power dispatch and in the real-time operation [1], [2].