Deciphering Cryptic Multi-Stage Crystal-Melt Separation during Construction of the Tonglu Volcanic–Plutonic Complex, SE China

Revealing the origin of explosive eruptions of silica-rich magma is of paramount importance for understanding the evolution of continental crust and volcanic hazards. However, it remains controversial as to how the erupted magmas form and how they connect with plutonic realms, partly owing to the rarity and the obscurity of the ‘cumulate’ complementary to such eruptions of silica-rich magmas. Here the issues are explored by comparing the volcanic rocks (rhyodacite + rhyolite) and their associated subvolcanic intrusions (monzodiorite + monzonite + quartz monzonite) within Tonglu volcanic basin (SE, China). The Tonglu plutonic and volcanic units are consistent with each other in age (~130 Ma), space and source materials (e.g. Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes), strongly suggesting that they are cogenetic. Mineral mapping demonstrates that abundant plagioclase clusters (and chains in monzodiorite) occur in plutonic units, implying the processes of crystal gathering and/or accumulation. Rhyolite-MELTS modeling, and geochemical studies coupled with textural observations suggest that the Tonglu volcanic and plutonic rocks represent the residual melts and the complementary cumulate residues, respectively. The compositional and mineral variations in the plutonic rocks can be explained by two-stage, low-pressure crystal-melt separation of a dacitic magma. The monzodiorite represents the first-stage cumulate that was unsaturated in zircon and biotite/K-feldspar on the basis of low Zr and Ba concentrations and the occurrence of these two phases in the interstices between plagioclase and amphibole. The monzonite and quartz monzonite are the second-stage cumulates after saturation of zircon and biotite/K-feldspar as indicated by abrupt increases in Zr and Ba concentrations and zircon inclusions within euhedral biotite. Mass balance calculation and textural estimation indicate that the cumulates actually are a mixture of crystals and melt, containing ~40 vol% interstitial melt. Interstitial zircons from monzodiorite, largely crystallized from trapped melt, show contrasting trace-element trends (e.g. Ti, Zr/Hf, Eu/Eu^*, Gd/Yb) to those of the other rock types (i.e. monzonite, quartz monzonite, rhyodacite and rhyolite), consistent with fractional crystallization (FC). We interpret these divergences to heating-induced partial dissolution of a basal crystal framework of monzodiorite due to recharges of hot mafic magmas, but the limited dissolution fails to rejuvenate the crystal mush. The Tonglu volcanic–plutonic system demonstrates that compositional distillation via crystal–liquid separation within the upper crust is an effective mechanism by which a potentially eruptible rhyolitic cap can be generated. Recharges of hot mafic magmas at shallow crustal levels may prolong the lifespan of granitic magma reservoirs. A combined study including texture, geochemistry, thermodynamic modeling and mass-balance calculations can help us identify the fingerprints of cumulates in felsic magma systems and thus track the processes responsible for producing large eruptions of silica-rich magmas.