Taming Unleashed Large Language Models with Blockchain for Massive Personalized Reliable Healthcare

The digital health field's pursuit of massive, personalized healthcare continuously faces constraints from doctors' resources and capacity limitations. Recently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs), with their remarkable comprehension and processing abilities, has revolutionized digital health and enhanced massive, personalized healthcare. Although these LLMs have achieved significant advancements, they have also introduced inevitable hallucinations, which impact patient safety when used in massive applications. To address these challenges, this study proposes a digital hospital for a massive, personalized, reliable healthcare service named the Chat Chain-Brain-based Doctor (CHATCBD). In addition, this study transforms the LLM-based diagnostic process into a digital hospital architecture, designs a controllable AI agents framework, and develops a self-audit mechanism to enhance their reliability. The proposed CHATCBD uses blockchain technology to decentralize external regulation of the LLMs' personalized diagnoses. It introduces a blockchain-based personalized routing management mechanism to improve patient-centered decision-making and designs a blockchain-based audit framework based on a proposed mathematical model that ensures both the professionalism and honesty of audits, serving as a safety net for addressing LLM hallucinations. The results of extensive experiments conducted on 13 datasets from multiple perspectives demonstrate that the proposed CHATCBD system can significantly enhance the capabilities of LLMs in personalized healthcare. The code used in this study can be found at https://github.com/LDDLQ/ChatCBD.