Abstract:
In the age of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLM) require rapid development along with massive volumes of training data and parameter storage. Over the p...Show MoreMetadata
Abstract:
In the age of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLM) require rapid development along with massive volumes of training data and parameter storage. Over the past decade, 3D NAND flash memory has emerged as the dominant non-volatile memory technology due to its high bit density and large capacity. However, because of its 3D vertical stacking technique and array designs, 3D NAND flash memory has more complicated data loss mechanisms compared to 2D NAND flash memory. As bit densities rise to Quad-level-cells (QLC), the small read margins will further complicate and make the situation more unpredictable. In this work, we propose an error-bit prediction model in this paper for 3D QLC NAND flash memory with the charge-trap (CT) cell structure based on a thorough analysis of multiple parameters that affect the error-bit distributions, including read disturb (RD) and degradation from program/erase (PE) cycles. Specifically, we develop the whole-block prediction (WBP) and the dynamic-worst-page prediction (DWPM) models. It is shown that the proposed models can be used for high-precision error-bit prediction to guarantee data reliability in commonly used NAND-based storage systems based on the characterization results of raw NAND chips.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Computers ( Volume: 74, Issue: 4, April 2025)
Funding Agency:
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Guangkuo Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability, NVM storage systems, and data analysis.
Guangkuo Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability, NVM storage systems, and data analysis.View more
School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Meng Zhang received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and technology from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China, in 2019. He is an Associate Professor with the School of Computer Science and Technology, HUST. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM), data storage reliability, and error correction codes (ECC).
Meng Zhang received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and technology from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China, in 2019. He is an Associate Professor with the School of Computer Science and Technology, HUST. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM), data storage reliability, and error correction codes (ECC).View more
Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., Shandong, P. R. China
Peng Guo works at Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., P. R. China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Peng Guo works at Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., P. R. China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xuepeng Zhan received the bachelor's and Ph.D. degrees in microelectronics and solid-state electronics from the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China, in 2012 and 2017, respectively. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Shandong University, Qingdao, China, and Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and E...Show More
Xuepeng Zhan received the bachelor's and Ph.D. degrees in microelectronics and solid-state electronics from the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China, in 2012 and 2017, respectively. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Shandong University, Qingdao, China, and Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and E...View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Shaoqi Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Shaoqi Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xiaohuan Zhao is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Xiaohuan Zhao is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xinyi Guo (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interest includes nonvolatile memory (NVM).
Xinyi Guo (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interest includes nonvolatile memory (NVM).View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Pengpeng Sang received the Ph.D. degree in electronic science and technology from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2023. He is a Postdoctoral Fellow/Researcher with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
Pengpeng Sang received the Ph.D. degree in electronic science and technology from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2023. He is a Postdoctoral Fellow/Researcher with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Jixuan Wu (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Currently, she is a Researcher with Shandong University, working on new nanodevices for in-memory computing and device reliability. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, from 2019 to 2022.
Jixuan Wu (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Currently, she is a Researcher with Shandong University, working on new nanodevices for in-memory computing and device reliability. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, from 2019 to 2022.View more
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Fei Wu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical automation from Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, in 2005. She is a Professor with the Information Storage Lab, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, HUST. Her research interests include the computer architect...Show More
Fei Wu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical automation from Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, in 2005. She is a Professor with the Information Storage Lab, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, HUST. Her research interests include the computer architect...View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Jiezhi Chen (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Informatics and Electronics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009. He joined the Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, in 2010. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. He has published many articles in journals and conference proce...Show More
Jiezhi Chen (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Informatics and Electronics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009. He joined the Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, in 2010. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. He has published many articles in journals and conference proce...View more
Contents School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Guangkuo Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability, NVM storage systems, and data analysis.
Guangkuo Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability, NVM storage systems, and data analysis.View more
School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Meng Zhang received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and technology from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China, in 2019. He is an Associate Professor with the School of Computer Science and Technology, HUST. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM), data storage reliability, and error correction codes (ECC).
Meng Zhang received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and technology from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China, in 2019. He is an Associate Professor with the School of Computer Science and Technology, HUST. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM), data storage reliability, and error correction codes (ECC).View more
Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., Shandong, P. R. China
Peng Guo works at Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., P. R. China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Peng Guo works at Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., P. R. China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xuepeng Zhan received the bachelor's and Ph.D. degrees in microelectronics and solid-state electronics from the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China, in 2012 and 2017, respectively. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Shandong University, Qingdao, China, and Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University. His research interests focus on emerging nonvolatile memory, hardware neural network, and femtosecond laser processing.
Xuepeng Zhan received the bachelor's and Ph.D. degrees in microelectronics and solid-state electronics from the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China, in 2012 and 2017, respectively. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Shandong University, Qingdao, China, and Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University. His research interests focus on emerging nonvolatile memory, hardware neural network, and femtosecond laser processing.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Shaoqi Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Shaoqi Yang is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xiaohuan Zhao is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.
Xiaohuan Zhao is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. His research interests include nonvolatile memory (NVM) reliability and NVM storage systems.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Xinyi Guo (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interest includes nonvolatile memory (NVM).
Xinyi Guo (Graduate Student Member, IEEE) is currently working toward the master's degree with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. Her research interest includes nonvolatile memory (NVM).View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Pengpeng Sang received the Ph.D. degree in electronic science and technology from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2023. He is a Postdoctoral Fellow/Researcher with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
Pengpeng Sang received the Ph.D. degree in electronic science and technology from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2023. He is a Postdoctoral Fellow/Researcher with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Jixuan Wu (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Currently, she is a Researcher with Shandong University, working on new nanodevices for in-memory computing and device reliability. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, from 2019 to 2022.
Jixuan Wu (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Shandong University, Qingdao, China, in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Currently, she is a Researcher with Shandong University, working on new nanodevices for in-memory computing and device reliability. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, from 2019 to 2022.View more
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Fei Wu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical automation from Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, in 2005. She is a Professor with the Information Storage Lab, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, HUST. Her research interests include the computer architecture, nonvolatile memory (NVM), embedded systems, and intelligent storage.
Fei Wu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical automation from Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, in 1997 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, in 2005. She is a Professor with the Information Storage Lab, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, HUST. Her research interests include the computer architecture, nonvolatile memory (NVM), embedded systems, and intelligent storage.View more
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
Jiezhi Chen (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Informatics and Electronics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009. He joined the Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, in 2010. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. He has published many articles in journals and conference proceedings and acted as a Reviewer of several international journals. His work has been the leading author or the corresponding author many times in VLSI Symposium and IEEE International Electron Device Meeting (IEEE IEDM) since 2008. His research interests include flash memory, emerging nonvolatile memories, nanoscale transistors, and computing-in-memory architectures, with the main focus on reliability physics and optimization strategies. He also serves as a Technical Program Committee (TPC) Member for IEDM in 2022 and 2023, and a TPC Member of the IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium since 2019 and the IEEE International Memory Workshop since 2020.
Jiezhi Chen (Senior Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Informatics and Electronics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009. He joined the Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, in 2010. Currently, he is a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China. He has published many articles in journals and conference proceedings and acted as a Reviewer of several international journals. His work has been the leading author or the corresponding author many times in VLSI Symposium and IEEE International Electron Device Meeting (IEEE IEDM) since 2008. His research interests include flash memory, emerging nonvolatile memories, nanoscale transistors, and computing-in-memory architectures, with the main focus on reliability physics and optimization strategies. He also serves as a Technical Program Committee (TPC) Member for IEDM in 2022 and 2023, and a TPC Member of the IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium since 2019 and the IEEE International Memory Workshop since 2020.View more
