AI-assisted design of printed edge-fed non-uniform zig-zag antenna for mm-wave automotive radar

In this paper, the design of a novel horizontally polarized single-layer antenna for 77 (GHz) automotive radar applications is 4 addressed. An innovative non-uniform zig-zag parametrization of the antenna layout is considered to enable a more flexible control on both the impedance matching in the working frequency band and the shaping of the radiated beam pattern with respect to a standard (uniform) one without compromising the linear (horizontal) polarization of the radiated field. Such a polarization guarantees a lower back-scattering from road pavements, resulting in a reduced amount of clutter and thus allowing a more robust target detection. Moreover, the single-layer layout has several advantages in terms of fabrication simplicity/costs and mechanical robustness to vibrations. The design of the proposed non-uniform zig-zag antenna (NZA) is performed through a customized implementation of the System-by-Design (SbD) approach that fruitfully combines machine learning and evolutionary optimization to efficiently deal with the computational complexity at hand. An extensive numerical validation, dealing with designs of different lengths, verifies the high performance of the NZA in terms of beam direction deviation (e.g., BDD < 1 (deg)), sidelobe level (e.g., SLL < −18.2 (dB)), and polarization ratio (e.g., PR > 20 (dB)) within the working frequency band H = [76 : 78] (GHz), as well as its superiority over competitive designs. Finally, the realization of a prototype and its experimental test, validate the proposed NZA concept for automotive mm-wave radar applications in advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles such as, for instance, adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance, and blind spot detection.