IEEE Annals of the History of Computing

In an historical overview of computer operations in scientific-technical environments from the second half of the 1950s to the mid-1960s, this article discusses the ways German universities and similar institutions initially used small computers. It reports on the emergence of high-level programming languages, the appearance and predominance of large batch-processing systems, and the arising effor... View full abstract»

AEG-Telefunken began developing computers in 1957. By 1974, 46 of its TR 440s were installed, with a total retail value of more than US$250 million. At its start, the TR 440 was the fastest computer ever designed in Europe, with system software features far ahead of its competitors. Nevertheless, computers were not a strategic product for AEG-Telefunken, and the TR 440's development faced substant... View full abstract»

The computer AEG-Telefunken TR 440 was first installed in 1970 at the University of Bochum. At that time, it was the most powerful computer that had ever been developed and manufactured in Europe. As a successor of the TR 4, the TR 440 introduced paging, multiple modes of operation, multiprocessing, vastly extended memory, and satellite configurations and included innovative system software. View full abstract»

Until recently, the earliest versions of the Unix operating system were believed to have been lost completely. In 2008, however, a restoration team from the Unix Heritage Society completed an effort to resurrect and restore the first edition Unix to a running and usable state from a newly discovered listing of the system's assembly source code. View full abstract»