Extreme extended multi-wavelength propagation due to hot and dry air flowing over the Persian Gulf

Shallow surface radio frequency (RF) trapping layers or ducts form in stable internal boundary layers (SIBL) when warm dry air flows offshore over colder and more humid sea surfaces. Depending on wind speed and land sea temperature difference, these surface ducts can exist for hundreds of kilometers offshore and trap radar energy in layers below 100m above sea level. This paper describes the performance of notional shore based S, C and X band radars during a SIBL event. The three dimensional (3D) verified refractivity field is modeled by the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS
^®
). The radar performance is modeled by the Advanced Refractive Effects Prediction System (AREPS).