Traditional Sensor Networks/IoT Services

This chapter provides a high‐level overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) field. There is a large body of recent and ongoing research concerning IoT technologies, including Wireless Sensor Networks, Machine‐to‐Machine networks, and Machine Type Communication. Many IoT applications and use cases rely on the use of wireless technologies. These span the Wide Area Network, Local Area Network, or Personal Area Network environment. Long‐Term Evolution (LTE)‐Machine supports low nodal complexity, low nodal power consumption, high deployment density, low latency, and extended geographic coverage while allowing service operators the reuse of the LTE installed base. The chapter aims to define a basic seven‐layer Open Systems IoT Reference Model that recognizes the fog/edge functionality in an IoT Reference Architecture environment. These layers include: things, data acquisition, fog/Edge networking, data aggregation, data centralization, data analytics and storage, and applications. The chapter presents the details of gateway‐based IoT operation.