Large‐Scale AC and DC Networks

The very spontaneous formation of multiterminal direct current systems leads to the coexistence of access controller and direct current networks that are interactive, making the power electronics‐integrated power system more complex than a single grid. This chapter presents a functional decomposition method that is ideally suited for paralleled and pipelined emulation of large‐scale power systems on multiple field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Instead of simulating in software with a large latency, a real‐time coemulation framework on FPGA‐multiprocessor system‐on‐chip based hardware architecture is presented for a more practical emulation of real‐world cyber‐physical systems. Parallel processing is extensively used in existing real‐time simulators to execute large‐scale system models cooperatively on multiple sequential processors. The communication latencies among the central processing unit cores are small, but frequent and large‐amount of data exchange between cores is a heavy burden and is seldom recommended.