Introduction

Computing technologies are increasingly vital to the functioning of the global economy, national security, and our everyday lives. The threat of cyber attacks is not new, but both the impact and sophistication of these attacks on our computing infrastructure has grown dramatically with the widespread adoption and integration of computing. Attackers will adopt any technological edge to develop new and more effective attacks, so we also need a broad and rigorous approach to cyber defense that draws on both established methods and emerging technologies to more effectively secure computer networks. Since it is not possible to prevent all vulnerabilities and attacks, we also need to develop better approaches for making cyber security decisions that balance risks and costs, and that are able to make good uses of data to adapt and improve defensive strategies over time.