5 Co-Evolution and Complexity in Twenty-First-Century International Relations

This chapter revisits the international system following the expansion of cyber access worldwide. We highlight the scale and scope of evolving complexities due to the impacts of cyberspace on the international system—a system that consists today not only of the traditional parameters, actors, and entities noted in chapter 1, but also of a wide range of new actors, new processes, and new sources of conflict and of cooperation.