High‐Speed Transmission Line Protection Based on Empirical Orthogonal Functions

Nowadays one can affirm with certainty that simulations using electromagnetic transients programs (EMTP) provide a faithful replica of real power systems. Based on the characteristics and patterns of fault generated transients, this chapter introduces the proposed protection algorithms. The chapter presents a case study and evaluation of the protection scheme. It also presents the general protection scheme: the first stage consists of the formulation of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), which is the basis for pattern extraction of fault generated transients affecting the protected transmission line. However, in certain applications, particularly in extra‐high voltage (EHV) and ultra‐high voltage (UHV) transmission lines, fault signals are prone to be highly contaminated with non‐power frequency transients. The proposed protection scheme uses k‐nearest neighbor (kNN) for fault classification and location,which is a very simple classification method. Readers are encouraged to evaluate more sophisticated classification methods such as support vector machines and other kernel based classifiers.