Programming Machines: Computer Usage, C-E-I-R, and Computer Sciences, 1955–1967

In many respects, the most substantial and defining segment of the computer services industry is programming services, which, along with some computer customers hiring or using existing staff to program mainframes (and later, minicomputers), is fundamentally concerned with building the instruction-based applications (and, at times, compilers, specialized programming languages, and systems programs) that make computers useful.