Magnetic Actuators Operated by AC

Since alternating current (AC) voltage is commonly available, many magnetic actuators are designed for AC operation. In most cases, the direct current (DC) actuators must be substantially modified for AC operation. This chapter discusses the issues that are needed to be considered for AC-operated magnetic actuators. Separate sections are devoted to the concepts of skin depth, power losses in laminated steel, equivalent circuit and solid steel, force pulsations, and cuts in steel.