High-Precision Indoor Visible Light Positioning Using Deep Neural Network Based on the Bayesian Regularization With Sparse Training Point

In this letter, we propose an indoor visible light positioning technique that combines deep neural network based on the Bayesian Regularization (BR-DNN) with sparse diagonal training data set. Unlike other neural networks, which require a large number of training data points to locate accurately, we realize the high precision positioning with only 20 training points in a 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 2.1 m location area. Furthermore, we test a new optimization method of training data set, which is the diagonal set. To verify our ideas, we experimentally demonstrate three different training data acquisition methods that contain the common choice of training points (even set), arbitrary selection (arbitrary set), and diagonal selection (diagonal set). Experimental results show that the average localization accuracy optimized by the BR-DNN is 3.40 cm with the diagonal set, while the average localization accuracy is 4.35 cm for the arbitrary set and 4.58 cm for the even set. In addition, the training time and positioning time are only 11.25 and 8.66 ms due to a significant reduction of the sparse training data. All of the aforementioned experimental results show that the algorithm and training data optimization we proposed provide a new solution for real-time and high-accuracy positioning with the neural network.