Low-voltage analog filters

This paper reviews the design of analog filters at low supply voltage. In particular, the main focus is on switched capacitor and g/sub m/-C type filters because, at the present time, they have the greatest commercial importance. SC implementations are discussed in the context of low frequency high precision applications while g/sub m/-C implementations are discussed in the context of high frequency medium/low precision applications. Both fundamental and practical limitations to the achievable dynamic range at low supply voltage are explained. The paper reviews well established circuit and architectural techniques as well as some promising new ones that might result in performance improvements in the future.