Micropositioner in a Closed-Loop Control System

A bimorph linear motor within a closed-loop control system is used to thrust microelectrodes through cell membranes. Penetration distances are programmed in the microscopic field of view by a controlled displacement of the microelectrode, away from a selected membrane surface, to a distance equal and opposite to the intended penetration on the other side of the membrane. These characteristics improve penetration against mechanical resistance such as plant cell walls.