MPAEE: A Multipath Adaptive Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme for Low Earth Orbit-Based Industrial Internet of Things

The low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation has great potential for global coverage and high-capacity transmission. However, poor reliability and high energy consumption can severely affect the routing transfer performance. In this article, a multipath adaptive energy-efficient (MPAEE) routing scheduling scheme for LEO constellations is designed. A static weight multipath (SWM) routing scheme is proposed initially, extending single-path routing to multipath routing to simulate route scheduling in large-scale constellations accurately. To further address the limitations of static weight allocation in adapting to dynamic network changes, a particle swarm optimization-based dynamic weight multipath (PSODWM) routing scheme is proposed, considering transmission delay, energy consumption, capacity, and packet loss rate, thereby achieving an optimal multipath load distribution without additional resource consumption. Finally, leveraging the neural population dynamics optimization algorithm (NPDOA) and digital twin technology, the MPAEE scheme is developed, providing real-time feedback for path selection and optimizing the system performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the MPAEE scheme significantly reduces propagation delay, packet loss, hop count, and interruption probability while improving satellite energy efficiency and extending satellite lifetime.