Performance Study on A CdTe Solar Cell with ITO Window and Graphene BSF Layer

This study focuses on the challenge of improving the effectiveness of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells by including a graphene Back Surface Field (BSF) layer and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as a window layer. The aim of this study is to examine the possible advantages of this particular arrangement via the use of Personal Computer One-Dimensional (PC1D) simulation software. This study explores a comprehensive analysis of the alteration of carrier lifetime, doping concentration, graphene layer thickness, and band gap. The use of a BSF graphene layer and an ITO window layer in the CdTe solar cell has been shown via modeling studies to exhibit significant performance characteristics. These include a maximum short-circuit current of 2.797 A, an open circuit voltage of 0.7993 V, a power conversion efficiency of 19.44%, and a fill factor of 87.44%. The aforementioned remarkable outcomes are achieved using a carrier lifetime of $1 \times 10^{3} \mu \mathrm{s}$ and a graphene doping concentration of $1 \times 10^{17} \mathrm{~cm}^{-3}$. The graphene BSF layer with a thickness of 1 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ and the ITO window layer with a thickness of 60 nm are found to be exceptionally thin, indicating their appropriateness for the efficient fabrication of CdTe solar cells. The results of this study demonstrate that graphene has significant potential as a BSF material, while also confirming the effectiveness of ITO as a window layer. The potential to improve the efficiency of CdTe solar cells by the integration of graphene and ITO layers is significant, provided that careful optimization of production parameters is undertaken.