Coordinated Operation of Hydrogen-Integrated Urban Transportation and Power Distribution Networks Considering Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Under the pressure of climate change, hydrogen has been advocated as a promising energy carrier to achieve low-carbon integration of urban transportation network (UTN) and power distribution network (PDN). In this article, the control strategy based on hydrogen refueling service fee (HRSF) is proposed for the smart city department to guide hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) in selecting the hydrogen refueling stations. Correspondingly, the HRSF-based coordinated operation model is established to minimize the total of UTN travel cost, PDN operation cost, and the environmental cost, while the nodal carbon intensity restriction, the uncertainties of renewable distributed generators output, and origin-destination traffic demand are also taken into account. Afterward, the proposed model is solved by the decentralized alternative direction method of multipliers algorithm, and verified on the hydrogen-integrated UTN and PDN in Sioux Falls. Numerical results demonstrate that popularizing HFCEVs contributes to emission reduction, and the HRSF-based coordinated operation strategy is effective in reducing the overall emissions, promoting renewable energy accommodation, and improving the holistic operation efficiency of the hydrogen-integrated UTN and PDN.