Incorporation of D-FACTS devices in the Mexican equivalent network

Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) devices are a technology derived from Flexible AC Transmission System devices that provide essential benefits in modern power systems. Their most important feature is that they are small devices compared to FACTS devices, and can be attached directly to power lines to control the conductor impedance. Equally important, they increase system reliability as long as the power system has a large number of D-FACTS. Furthermore, they can be manufactured at a low cost from conventional industrial-grade components. This paper presents a review of three different D-FACTS technologies reported in the literature and the equations governing their steady-state behavior. Each device's mathematical model is included in the study of power flow to improve the voltage profile to the adjacent nodes of these devices. The Mexican equivalent network's numerical results demonstrate the correct operation of the D-FACTS devices but with different operating principles.