Discrete Power-Stepping Pulse Amplitude Modulation for Optical Camera Communications Employing a CMOS-Integrated GaN µLED Array

We present discrete power-stepping m-ary pulse amplitude modulation for non-line-of-sight rolling-shutter-based optical camera communications. A bit error rate of 2.2×10
^-4
at a data rate of 16000 bps was achieved using a micro-pixel light emitting diode array and 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation.