Value of Fleet Vehicle to Grid in Providing Transmission System Operator Services

In this paper a new aggregated model for electric vehicle (EV) fleets is presented that considers their daily and weekly usage patterns. A frequency-constrained stochastic unit commitment model is employed to optimally schedule EV charging and discharging as well as the provision of frequency response (FR) in an electricity system, while respecting the vehicles' energy requirements and driving schedules. Through case studies we demonstrate that an EV with vehicle to grid (V2G) capability can reduce system costs in a future GB electricity grid by up to £12,000 per year, and reduce CO
₂
emissions by 60 tonnes per year, mainly due to reduced curtailment of wind power. The paper also quantifies the changes in the benefits of fleet V2G resulting from variations in FR delivery time, the penetration of wind or the uptake of alternative flexibility providers. Finally, a battery degradation model dependent on an EV's state of charge is proposed and implemented in the stochastic scheduling problem. It enables significant degradation cost reductions of 16% with only a 0.4% reduction of an EV's system value.