Model Based Fault Detection and Isolation for Electric Scooter

The focus of this paper is to apply the fault detection and isolation (FDI) method based on the bond graph (BG) to the electric scooter system. The FDI approach utilizes the concept of analytical redundancy relations (ARRs), which are derived from a BG model with a specific causal relationship. This method is suitable for a variety of types of faults. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method for multiple types of faults that may occur in the electric scooter.