Reviving instruction set randomization

Instruction set randomization (ISR) was proposed early in the last decade as a countermeasure against code injection attacks. However, it is considered to have lost its relevance; with the pervasiveness of code-reuse techniques in modern attacks, code injection no longer remains a foundational component in contemporary exploits. This paper revisits the relevance of ISR in the current security landscape. We show that prior ISR schemes are ineffective against code injection, but can be made effective against code-reuse attacks, and even counter state-of-the-art variants, such as “just-in-time” ROP (JIT-ROP). Yet, certain key architectural features are necessary for enabling these capabilities. We implement a new ISR system, namely Polyglot, on a SPARC32-based Leon3 FPGA that runs Linux. We show that our system incurs a low performance overhead (4.6% on a subset of SPEC CINT2006) and defends against real-world (JIT-)ROP exploits, while still supporting critical features like page sharing. Polyglot is also the first ISR implementation to be applicable to the entire software stack: from the bootloader to user applications.