Available Energy of Improper Lossy LLTIP One-Ports

A method for evaluating the available energy of the improper lossy linear lumped time-invariant passive one-ports of any order is proposed. The approach devised is indirect, in the sense that it is based on a suited variable substitution that reduces the analysis of the improper lossy one-ports to that of the proper ones. In particular, explicit formulae for the available energy of the second-order improper lossy one-ports are presented. Finally, to illustrate the method, three examples are discussed in detail.