Verifying hyperproperties of hardware systems

This tutorial presents hardware verification techniques for hyperproperties. The most prominent application of hyperproperties is information flow security: information flow policies characterize the secrecy and integrity of a system by comparing two or more execution traces, for example by comparing the observations made by an external observer on execution traces that result from different values of a secret variable. Such a comparison cannot be represented as a set of traces and thus falls outside the standard notion of trace properties. A comparison between execution traces can, however, be represented as a set of sets of traces, which is called a hyperproperty. Hyperproperties occur naturally in many applications beyond their origins in security: examples include the symmetric access to critical resources in distributed protocols and Hamming distances between code words in coding theory. The hardware verification approach of the tutorial is based on recently developed temporal logics for hyperproperties. Unlike classic temporal logics like LTL or CTL, which refer to one computation path at a time, temporal logics for hyperproperties like HyperLTL and HyperCTL can express properties that relate multiple traces by explicitly quantifying over multiple computation paths simultaneously. We will relate the logics to the linear-branching spectrum of process equivalences, and show that even though the satisfiability problem of the logics is undecidable in general, the model checking problem can be solved efficiently. We will show how the logics can be used to verify real hardware designs, including an I2C bus master, the symmetric access to a shared resource in a mutual exclusion protocol, and the functional correctness of encoders and decoders for error resistant codes.