Nonlinear Control of a DC MicroGrid for the Integration of Photovoltaic Panels

New connection constraints for the power network (grid codes) require more flexible and reliable systems, with robust solutions to cope with uncertainties and intermittence from renewable energy sources (renewables), such as photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The interconnection of such renewables with storage systems through a direct current (DC) MicroGrid can fulfill these requirements. A “Plug and Play” approach based on the “System of Systems” philosophy using distributed control methodologies is developed in this paper. This approach allows to interconnect a number of elements to a DC MicroGrid as power sources, such as PV arrays, storage systems in different time scales, such as batteries and supercapacitors, and loads, such as electric vehicles and the main ac grid. The proposed scheme can easily be scalable to a much larger number of elements.