Effects of viewing angle between camera and display in invisible image sensor communication

Display-to-camera (D2C) communication have become prevalent nowadays due to the development of image sensor communication (ISC). The traditional D2C communication includes the communication through QR code, barcode, etc. However, the novel approach for D2C communication using invisible ISC technology has gained popularity too. Several techniques proposed for D2C communication using invisible ISC differ in methodology. Although geometric and radiometric issues have been discussed in the methods, the effects of viewing angle of the camera in the invisible ISC technology has been kept out of the discussion. In this paper, the effects of viewing angle of the camera have been discussed. Our proposed scheme propagates the idea of intensity modulation technique to embed data in the transmitter i.e. display. The effects of viewing angle between camera and display according to our proposed methodology have been demonstrated regarding peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and bit error rate (BER) in this paper.