Design and Experimental Analysis of a Medium-Frequency Transformer for Solid-State Transformer Applications

Within a solid-state transformer, the isolated dc-dc converter and in particular its medium-frequency transformer are one of the critical components, as it provides the required isolation between primary and secondary sides and the voltage conversion typically necessary for the operation of the system. A comprehensive optimization procedure is required to find a transformer design that maximizes power density and efficiency within the available degrees of freedom while complying with material limits, such as temperature, flux density, and dielectric strength as well as outer dimension limits. This paper presents an optimization routine and its underlying loss and thermal models, which are used to design a 166 kW/20 kHz transformer prototype achieving 99.4% efficiency at a power density of 44 kW/dm
³
. Extensive measurements are performed on the constructed prototype in order to measure core and winding losses and to investigate the current distribution within the litz wire and the flux sharing between the cores.