Ultrasonic parameters of renal calculi

Ultrasonic parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, acoustic impedance, attenuation, dynamic modulus of elasticity, coefficient of reflectance and transmittance have been determined for several renal calculi samples, in vitro. These parameters are studied by using a single probe method (pulse echo) in liquid form at different concentrations (gm/cc). It was found that as the concentration increases, the ultrasonic velocity increases. A pulse receiver (model Panametries-5052 PR) was used to excite the transducer (2.5 MHz) and the output was given to CRO (model-OS-300C, 20 MHz). A sample holder assembly was used in the present work. The authors have also determined all acoustic parameter mentioned above by using a double-probe through-transmission method for several renal calculi samples in the solid rock form. The present study would help in determining the design parameters to design and develop a simple kidney stone lithotripter.