Stokes Parameters and Hybridization of Optical Modes in Long-Wavelength Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)

The polarization of the beam emitted from long-wavelength VCSELs is characterized with the Stokes parameters. Stable optical modes are discovered, with a polarization that differs from the linear case. Results are explained by hybridization of the VCSEL modes and a negative line width enhancement factor.